Colon and rectal cancers originate in the digestive system, also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) system. The digestive system removes and processes nutrients from digested foods and aids in eliminating waste material from the body. The colon and rectum are part of the digestive system. Together they form the large intestine, which is around 6-feet long. The colon is the first part of the large intestine and the rectum is the final six-inches.

 
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer found in American men and women. It is estimated that more than 148,000 cases of colorectal cancer will be diagnosed in the United States this year, with colon cancer being more prevalent than rectal cancer. The death toll from colorectal cancer is currently around 57,000 persons annually.

Most colorectal cancers begin as a polyp — a benign growth that develops on the lining of the colon and rectum. These polyps can develop into cancer over time, a process that can take years. Adenocarcinoma is the most common form of colorectal cancer, accounting for 95% of colorectal cancer cases.

While the exact cause of colorectal cancer is not know, there are risk factors that increase a person’s chance of developing the disease. Colorectal cancer is more likely to occur in older people. A person’s risk increases after the age of 50. Having a close family member (parent, sibling or child) increases the risk, as does having a personal history of colorectal cancer or polyps. Having ulcerative colitis also increases a person’s chance of developing the disease. Diet and lifestyle also play a role. A diet high in fat, lack of exercise, obesity, smoking, and heavy alcohol consumption put people at increased risk for colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most treatable forms of cancer when diagnosed early. Screening tests can help detect colorectal cancer before there are symptoms. These tests can also help in preventing colorectal cancer by allowing doctors to find and remove polyps that can become cancerous. Persons at high risk for colorectal cancer should consult their doctor regarding a screening schedule that is right for them.

A digital rectal exam (DRE) is an examination of the patient’s rectum with a gloved finger to feel for abnormalities. This test is usually performed during a regular physical examination.

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